Net Zero Energy Retrofitting Strategies for Low-Rise Row Housing: The Case of Nashik, India
Journal: Architecture Engineering and Science DOI: 10.32629/aes.v6i3.4375
Abstract
The implementation of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) is progressively vital for sustainable development, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions such as Nashik, India. This study investigates how building performance simulation can support energy-efficient retrofitting of low-rise row housing to achieve net-zero or energy-positive outcomes. With Nashik experiencing significant urban growth and escalating energy demands, the research evaluates a range of retrofit strategies aimed at optimizing energy consumption and integrating renewable energy systems. Key interventions include passive design measures, high-performance insulation, energy-efficient appliances, and rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) installations. Simulation results demonstrate that these integrated strategies can collectively reduce energy demand by approximately 47.68%, thereby enabling a transition to NZEBs. The findings highlight the potential for transforming existing housing stock into sustainable, self-sufficient units through a holistic retrofit approach. This research contributes to India’s broader objectives of achieving carbon neutrality, ensuring energy security, and promoting resilient urban development.
Keywords
net zero energy buildings, energy retrofit, low-rise housing, energy efficiency, Nashik, India.
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[34]Li S., Rismanchi B. and Aye L. (2022). A simulation-based bottom-up approach for analysing the evolution of residential buildings’ material stocks and environmental impacts–A case study of Inner Melbourne. Applied Energy, 314, 118941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118941.
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[37]Maduta C., D’Agostino D. and Tsemekidi-Tzeiranaki (2025). From nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) to zero-emission buildings (ZEBs): current status and future perspectives. Energy and Buildings, 328, 115133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115133.
[38]Makhloufi A. W. and Louafi S. (2024). Optimising building performance for a resilient Future: A Multi-Objective approach to Net Zero energy strategies. Energy and Buildings, 324, 114869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114869.
[39]Marei Y. A., Emam M. and Ahmed M. E. (2024). Thermal and optical investigations of various transparent wall configurations and building integrated photovoltaic for energy savings in buildings. Energy Conversion and Management, 299, 117817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117817.
[40]Mukhtar M., Ameyaw B. and Yimen N. (2021). Building retrofit and energy conservation/efficiency review: A techno-environ-economic assessment of heat pump system retrofit in housing stock. Sustainability, 13(2), 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020983.
[41]Noh Y., Jafarinejad S. and Anand P. (2024). A review on harnessing renewable energy synergies for achieving urban net-zero energy buildings: technologies, performance evaluation, policies, challenges, and future direction. Sustainability, 16(8), 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083444.
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[45]Saini L, Meena C. S. and Raj B. P. (2022). Net Zero Energy Consumption building in India: An overview and initiative toward sustainable future. International Journal of Green Energy, 19(5), 544-561. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2021.1948417.
[46]Sambasivam B. and Sarma R. N. (2024). India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission: an analysis of the strategies, policies for net-zero emissions and sustainability. Environmental Research: Energy, 1(4), 045015. https://doi.org/10.1088/2753-3751/ad8fb2.
[47]Santamouris M. and Vasilakopoulou K. (2021). Present and future energy consumption of buildings: Challenges and opportunities towards decarbonisation. e-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 1, 100002, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2021.100002.
[48]Sesana M. M. and Salvalai G. (2018). A review on Building Renovation Passport: Potentialities and barriers on current initiatives. Energy and Buildings, 173, 195-205.
[49]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.027.
[50]Shin M, Baltazar J. C., Haberl J. S. (2019). Evaluation of the energy performance of a net zero energy building in a hot and humid climate. Energy and Buildings, 204, 109531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109531.
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[2]Aksamija A. (2016). Regenerative design and adaptive reuse of existing commercial buildings for net-zero energy use. Sustainable cities and society, 27, 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.026.
[3]Albadry S., Tarabieh K. and Sewilam H. (2017). Achieving net zero-energy buildings through retrofitting existing residential buildings using PV panels. Energy Procedia, 115, 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.05.018.
[4]Ansari Y., Husain D. and Haadi S. M. (2023). Life cycle ecological footprint of building: A case study of low-rise tropical residential building. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(9), 9779-9794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04518-9.
[5]Ansari Z. A., Mujumdar P., Brar T. S. and Kamal Arif M. (2025). Achieving Energy Efficiency through Retrofitting of Building Envelope: The Case of a Hospital in Meerut, India, Architecture Engineering and Science, 6(3), 281-288.
[6]Aruta G., Ascione F. and Bianco N. (2023). Sustainability and energy communities: Assessing the potential of building energy retrofit and renewables to lead the local energy transition. Energy, 282: 128377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.128377.
[7]Baniya B. and Giurco D. (2025). Net zero energy buildings and climate resilience narratives–Navigating the interplay in the building asset maintenance and management. Energy Reports, 13: 1632-1648.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2025.01.015.
[8]Bokhad T., Surwade R., Bangre A. and Kamal Arif M. (2024). Understanding the Transformation of Cities into Smart Cities: A Sustainable Urban Environment Perspective. Architecture Engineering and Science, 5(4), 177-185.
[9]https://doi.org/10.32629/aes.v5i4.3144
[10]Chaturvedi P. K., Kumar N. and Lamba R. (2024). Finding the gaps in design strategies and technological advancements for net-zero energy buildings development in India. Energy & Environment, 35(7), 3880-3920, https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X241256039.
[11]Chen X., Band V. and Baldi S. (2024). Challenges and strategies for achieving high energy efficiency in building districts. Buildings, 14(6), 1839.https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X241256039.
[12]CitaristiI (2022). International energy agency—iea. In The Europa directory of international organizations, 701-702. Routledge.
[13]D'Agostino D., Tzeiranaki S. T. and Zangheri Pet, (2021). Assessing nearly zero energy buildings (NZEBs) development in Europe. Energy Strategy Reviews, 36, 100680.
[14]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2021.100680.
[15]D'Agostino D., Parker D. and Melià P. (2022). Optimizing photovoltaic electric generation and roof insulation in existing residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 255, 111652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111652.
[16]DeAyala A. and Solà M. D. M. (2022). Assessing the EU energy efficiency label for appliances: Issues, potential improvements and challenges. Energies, 15(12), 4272. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15124272.
[17]Dubey B., Agrawal S. and Sharma A. K. (2023). India’s renewable energy portfolio: An investigation of the untapped potential of RE, policies, and incentives favoring energy security in the country. Energies, vol.16(14), 5491. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16145491.
[18]Economidou M., Todeschi V. and Bertoldi P. (2020). Review of 50 years of EU energy efficiency policies for buildings. Energy and buildings, 225, 110322.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110322.
[19]Ghosh A. and Neogi S. (2021). Energy efficiency in buildings and related assessment tools under Indian perspective. In Strategic Management, Decision Theory, and Decision Science: Contributions to Policy Issues, 33-50. Singapore: Springer Singapore.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1368-5_3.
[20]Hamid A. A, Farsäter K and Wahlström Å. (2018). Literature review on renovation of multifamily buildings in temperate climate conditions. Energy and Buildings, 172, 414-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.04.032.
[21]Harkouss F., Fardoun F. and Biwole P. H. (2018), Optimization approaches and climates investigations in NZEB—A review. Building Simulation, 11(5), 923-952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-018-0448-6.
[22]Hashempour N., Taherkhani R. and Mahdikhani M. (2020). Energy performance optimization of existing buildings: A literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, 101967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101967.
[23]He C., Hou Y. and Ding L. (2021). Visualized literature review on sustainable building renovation. Journal of Building Engineering, 44, 102622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102622.
[24]Jain R., Brar T. S. and Kamal Arif M., (2025). Assessment of Mitigation Strategies for Urban Heat Island Effect in Open High Rise Residential Areas of Delhi, India. Architecture Engineering and Science, 6(2), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.32629/aes.v6i2.3801.
[25]Joshi K., Khan A. and Deb C. (2023). Heat Wave Impact on Urban Heat, Thermal Comfort and Energy Consumption in Nashik City. Proceedings of the 10th ACM International Conference on Systems for Energy-Efficient Buildings, Cities, and Transportation, 519-527.https://doi.org/10.1145/3600100.3627033.
[26]Kamal Arif M., Ansari Z. A., Mujumdar P. and Brar T. S. (2025). Building Envelope Retrofitting Strategies for Energy-Efficient Healthcare Architecture in India. Architecture Engineering and Science, 6(3), 211-216. https://doi.org/10.32629/aes.v6i3.4190.
[27]Karim S. and Faissal A. (2022). National renewable energy laboratory. In Handbook of Algal Biofuels, 599-613), Elsevier.
[28]Kheiri F. (2018). A review on optimization methods applied in energy-efficient building geometry and envelope design. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92, 897-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.080.
[29]Kim A. A. and Medal L. (2024). Factors influencing energy-efficiency retrofits in commercial and institutional buildings: A systematic literature review. Journal of Facility Management Education and Research, 7(1), 42-63, https://doi.org/10.22361/jfmer/181200.
[30]Kim D., Cox S. J. and Cho H. (2018). Comparative investigation on building energy performance of double skin façade (DSF) with interior or exterior slat blinds. Journal of Building Engineering, 20, 411-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.08.012.
[31]Kitsopoulou A., Ziozas N. and Iliadis P. (2024). Energy performance analysis of alternative building retrofit interventions for the four climatic zones of Greece. Journal of Building Engineering, 87, 109015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109015.
[32]Kumar Dora B., Bath S. and Mitra A. (2025). The Global Electricity Grid: A Comprehensive Review. Energies, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051152.
[33]Leng H., Chen X. and Ma Y. (2020). Urban morphology and building heating energy consumption: Evidence from Harbin, a severe cold region city. Energy and Buildings, 224, 110143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110143.
[34]Li S., Rismanchi B. and Aye L. (2022). A simulation-based bottom-up approach for analysing the evolution of residential buildings’ material stocks and environmental impacts–A case study of Inner Melbourne. Applied Energy, 314, 118941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.118941.
[35]Lu Y., Wang S. and Yan C. (2017). Robust optimal design of renewable energy system in nearly/net zero energy buildings under uncertainties. Applied energy, 187, 62-71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.042.
[36]Madadizadeh A., Siddiqui K and Aliabadi A. A. (2024). The economics landscape for building decarbonization. Sustainability, 16(14), 6214. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146214.
[37]Maduta C., D’Agostino D. and Tsemekidi-Tzeiranaki (2025). From nearly zero-energy buildings (NZEBs) to zero-emission buildings (ZEBs): current status and future perspectives. Energy and Buildings, 328, 115133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.115133.
[38]Makhloufi A. W. and Louafi S. (2024). Optimising building performance for a resilient Future: A Multi-Objective approach to Net Zero energy strategies. Energy and Buildings, 324, 114869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.114869.
[39]Marei Y. A., Emam M. and Ahmed M. E. (2024). Thermal and optical investigations of various transparent wall configurations and building integrated photovoltaic for energy savings in buildings. Energy Conversion and Management, 299, 117817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117817.
[40]Mukhtar M., Ameyaw B. and Yimen N. (2021). Building retrofit and energy conservation/efficiency review: A techno-environ-economic assessment of heat pump system retrofit in housing stock. Sustainability, 13(2), 983. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020983.
[41]Noh Y., Jafarinejad S. and Anand P. (2024). A review on harnessing renewable energy synergies for achieving urban net-zero energy buildings: technologies, performance evaluation, policies, challenges, and future direction. Sustainability, 16(8), 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083444.
[42]Nowak K., Nowak-Dzieszko K. and Rojewska-Warchał M. (2013), Thermal comfort of individual rooms in the design of commercial buildings. In 2nd Central European Symposium on Building Physics, Vienna, Austria, 343-349.
[43]Prabhakar A. (2025). A Sustainable and Inclusive Economic Development: A Global Imperative: A Global Imperative. Journal of Recycling Economy and Sustainability Policy, 4(1), 1-16.
[44]Pombo O, Rivela B and Neila J. (2016). The challenge of sustainable building renovation: assessment of current criteria and future outlook. Journal of Cleaner production, 123, 88-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.06.137.
[45]Saini L, Meena C. S. and Raj B. P. (2022). Net Zero Energy Consumption building in India: An overview and initiative toward sustainable future. International Journal of Green Energy, 19(5), 544-561. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2021.1948417.
[46]Sambasivam B. and Sarma R. N. (2024). India’s National Green Hydrogen Mission: an analysis of the strategies, policies for net-zero emissions and sustainability. Environmental Research: Energy, 1(4), 045015. https://doi.org/10.1088/2753-3751/ad8fb2.
[47]Santamouris M. and Vasilakopoulou K. (2021). Present and future energy consumption of buildings: Challenges and opportunities towards decarbonisation. e-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 1, 100002, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2021.100002.
[48]Sesana M. M. and Salvalai G. (2018). A review on Building Renovation Passport: Potentialities and barriers on current initiatives. Energy and Buildings, 173, 195-205.
[49]https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.05.027.
[50]Shin M, Baltazar J. C., Haberl J. S. (2019). Evaluation of the energy performance of a net zero energy building in a hot and humid climate. Energy and Buildings, 204, 109531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109531.
[51]Shrimali G and Rohra S. (2012). India’s solar mission: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(8), 6317-6332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.06.018.
[52]Somasundaram S, Chong A. and Wei Z. (2020). Energy saving potential of low-e coating based retrofit double glazing for tropical climate. Energy and Buildings, 206, 109570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109570.
[53]Vijayalaxmi J. (2025). Sustainable Buildings for a Net-Zero India—Developments, Needs, and Challenges. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, In Sustainable Building Performance: Towards a Greener India, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2428-7_1.
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